Ê×Ò³ ¹ú½³¾«Éñ£ºÈÏÕæ¼á³ÖÃÎÏë ³ÇÊй滮ÐÐÒµAPPÏÂÔØ ³£Óù淶 ÌìÆøÓëÈÕÀú Çл»µ½¿í°æ ¿ªÆô¸¨Öú·ÃÎÊ
·¢ÐÂÌû

[Á´½Ó] Âþ̸¹æ»®

2016-11-16 09:37 0 1634 | ¸´ÖÆÁ´½Ó |

·¢ËÍÔ­´´ÎÄÕÂÖÁadmin@caup.net£¬¿ÉÉêÇë×¢²áÑûÇëÂë

ÄúÐèÒª µÇ¼ ²Å¿ÉÒÔÏÂÔØ»ò²é¿´£¬Ã»ÓÐÕʺţ¿×¢²á·½Ê½

x
¹æ»®£¬Ñ§Êõ½ç¶ÔÆ䲢ûÓÐͳһµÄ¶¨Ò壬µ«´óÖÂÉ϶¼Í¬ÒâµÄÊÇ£¬¹æ»®ÖªÊ¶·ÖΪÁ½ÖÖ£º
1£¬¹ý³Ì£¨process£©
2£¬²úÆ·£¨product£©

ÕâÖÖÁ½·Ö·¨Ó°ÏìÁ˽ü°ë¸öÊÀ¼ÍµÄ¹æ»®ÀíÂÛÓëʵ¼ù£¬¶øÇÒ¼ÌÐøÖ¸µ¼ÕâÎÒÃǵ±½ñ¹æ»®µÄÀíÂÛÓëʵ¼ù¡£

×÷Ϊ²úÆ·£¨×ܹ棬¿Ø¹æ£¬Ïê¹æ£¬¹úÍâÊÇzoning, regulation,comprehensive planningµÈ£©£¬¡°¹æ»®Óɹ滮ר¼Ò¾­¹ýÀíÐÔµÄÉè¼Æ¶ø²úÉú¡±ÕâÖÖ˼ÏëÓÉÀ´ÒÔ¾ÃÁË£¬ÕâÒ²ÊÇÎÒÃǹ滮µÄ×î³õ±¾Ô´£¬×îÔç¿ÉÒÔ×·Êöµ½Saint SimonºÍComte¡£ ËûÃÇÈÏΪ¹æ»®ÊÇΪ´óÖÚ·þÎñµÄ¼¼Êõר¼ÒµÄ×î¡°ºÏÀíºÍÓÅÐ㡱µÄʵ¼ù¡£ÕâÖÖ˼ÏëÒ»Ö±¶¼ºÜºÃµÄÁ÷´«ÏÂÀ´£¬Õâ¾ÍÊÇÏÖ´úÖ÷Òå¹æ»®µÄ±¾Ô´£¬Ëüµ¼ÖµĽá¹û¾ÍÊÇ£­£­¹æ»®Ê¦ÊÇÓ¢ÐÛ£¨Ò²ÊÇÎÒÃÇÊ®°Ë½ãµÄÄ¿±ê£©¡£ÈËÃǵ±Ê±ÏàÐÅÕâЩ×ö¾ö²ßµÄ¹æ»®×¨¼Ò£¬ËûÃÇÔÚ×ö¹«¹²ÊÂÎñ¾ö²ß£¨¹æ»®£©µÄʱºòÊÇûÓиöÈËÖ÷¹Û¼ÛÖµµÄ£¨value free£©£¬ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔÍêÈ«ÐÅÀµµÄΪ¹«ÖÚ·þÎñµÄ¡£

¶Ô¹æ»®¹ý³Ì(process)ÖØÒªÐÔµÄÈÏʶԴÓÚÉÏÊÀ¼ÍÎåÊ®Äê´ú×óÓÒ£¬Ô­ÒòÊÇ¡°×¨¼Ò¼¼ÊõÀíÐÔ²úÆ·¹æ»®¡±µÄÑÏÖØʧ°Ü£¬ÆäÖÐ×îÒýÈËÖøÃûµÄÒ»¾ä»°£¬ÊÇÃÀ¹ú×ÜͳDwight EishenhowerÔÚÎåÊ®Äê´ú˵µÄ£º plans are nothing, and that planning is everything¡£

ÔÚÎÒÃdzÇÊÐÉè¼ÆÁìÓò£¬ÕâÖÖר¼Ò¹æ»®µÄʧ°Ü£¬±ÈÈ繫¹«·¿Îݹ滮£¬¸ßËÙ¹«Â·¹æ»®£¬Ö»×¢ÖØÃÀѧµÄ¹ú¼ÊÖ÷Òå·ç¸ñ£¬³ÇÊи´Ð˵ȵȵÄÑÏÖØʧ°ÜÖ±½Óµ¼ÖÂÁËÈËÃǶԹ滮¹ý³Ì£¨process£©µÄ¹Ø×¢£¬ÕâʱºòÈËÃÇ¿ªÊ¼¹ØÐÄ¡°×¨¼ÒÃÇÕæµÄÄÜvalue freeµÄ×öºÃ¾ø¶ÔÀíÐԵľö²ßÂ𣿡±

ͨ¹ý¶ÔÕâЩÒÉÎʵÄÑо¿£¬ÈËÃÇ·¢ÏÖÁ˹滮¹ý³ÌµÄÖØÒªÐÔ£¬ÈËÃÇ·¢ÏÖÁËÔ­À´Ö»×¢Öع滮²úÆ·£¨product£©µÄ×ö·¨ÊÇÑÏÖØ´íÎóµÄ£¨ÕâÒ²ÊÇΪʲôÎÒ¹ú¹æ»®¡°Ç½ÉϹҹҡ±µÄÔ­ÒòËùÔÚ£©¡£ÔÚÕû¸ö¶þÊ®ÊÀ¼ÍÏ°ëÒ³£¬ºóÏÖ´úÖ÷Òå¼Ì¶øÈ¡´úÁËÖ»×¢ÖزúÆ·(product)µÄÕâÖÖÓ¢ÐÛÖ÷ÒåʽµÄÏÖ´úÖ÷Ò壬Öð½¥µÇÉÏÁËÀúÊ·µÄÎę̀¡£ºóÏÖ´úÖ÷ÒåÇ¿µ÷×ö¹æ»®µÄ¹ý³Ì£¬Ñо¿¹æ»®¾ö²ßÊÇÔõô×ö³öÀ´µÄ£¬Ëü×¢ÖØÈËÓëÈ˵Ľ»Á÷£¨communication£©£¬×¢Öز»Í¬È˵Ä֪ʶ(local knowledge)µÄÖØÒªÐÔ£¬×¢Öز»Í¬È˵ļÛÖµ£¬Ëü²¢·Ç·ñ¶¨×¨¼ÒµÄÒâ¼û£¬ËüÖ»ÊÇÇ¿µ÷³ýÁËר¼Ò£¬±ðÈ˵ÄÒâ¼ûÒ²ºÜÖØÒª£¬ÓÐʱºò±ðÈ˱Èר¼Ò¸üÁ˽âÇé¿ö£¬Õâ¾ÍÊǺóÏÖ´úÖ÷ÒåµÄ¾«Ëè¡£

ºóÏÖ´úÖ÷ÒåÕâÖÖ¼ÛÖµ¹ÛµÄÓŵãÔÚÕ⼸·½Ãæ±íÏÖ¸üΪͻ³ö£º
ÔÚÐÅÏ¢µÄÊÕ¼¯ºÍ´¦Àí·½Ã棬Ëü±ÈÏÖ´úÖ÷Òå¸ü¹ã·ººÍÉîÈë͸²â
ÔÚ¸öÈ˼ÛÖµ½ÌÓý·½Ã棬Ëû¸üÈÃÈËÃÇÖªµÀÁË×Ô¼ºµÄÖØÒªÐÔ
ÔÚ¶Ô²»Í¬È˵IJ»Í¬ÖªÊ¶×ðÖزã´ÎÉÏ
ÔÚ»ñÈ¡¹«ÖÚµÄÖ§³ÖÉϵȵȡ£

ËùÒÔÔÚ×î½ü¼¸Ê®Ä꣬¹æ»®½ç¶Ô¹æ»®µÄÈÏʶÒѾ­Íê³ÉÁË´ÓÖ»×¢ÖزúÆ·£¨½á¹û£©µ½½á¹û£¨ends)ºÍ¹ý³Ì(·½·¨means)²¢ÖصÄ״̬¡£ËùÒÔÔÚ×îеĹ滮ÁìÓò£¬±ÈÈçsustainability planning£¬ÎÒÃDz»½ö½ö̸¹æ»®½á¹ûµÄÖØÒªÐÔ£¬Èçphysical plan, economic plan, social plan,etc£»ÎÒÃÇͬʱ»¹·Ç³£ÖØÊÓ×ö¹æ»®µÄ¹ý³Ì£¨process)ºÍ·½·¨£¨means)£¬È繫¹²²ÎÓëµÈ¡£

´ÓÒÔÉϼòµ¥µÄ½éÉܹ滮¿ÉÒÔ¿´³ö£¬¹æ»®µÄ¹ý³ÌºÍ½á¹ûÊÇͬµÈÖØÒªµÄ£¬ÖÁÉÙÔÚÎ÷·½¹ú¼Ò¹æ»®ÊÇÕâÑù¡£

·´¹ÛÎÒ¹ú¹æ»®·¢Õ¹Ê·£¬´Ó***ºóÖØн¨Á¢¹æ»®Ìåϵ£¬µ½ÏÖÔÚ²»µ½ÈýÊ®ÄêµÄ·¢Õ¹¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÎÒÃǵĹ滮һֱͣÁôÔÚÖ»×¢ÖزúÆ·ÕâÒ»½×¶Î¡£¶ø¼´Ê¹ÔÚÕâÒ»½×¶Î£¬ÎÒÃǵIJúÆ·Ò²ÊÇ·¢Õ¹²»È«ÃæµÄ£¬±ÈÈçÖ»×¢ÖØphysical layout£¬Ö»×¢ÖØÃÀѧ¹¹Í¼£¬¶ø²»È¥×¢Òâ¾­¼Ã·¢Õ¹¹æ»®£¬Éú̬¹æ»®µÈµÈ¡£

¿ÉϲµÄÊÇÎÒÃǵĹ滮ʦҲÔÚ²»¶ÏŬÁ¦£¬ÕâµãÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ´ÓÕ½ÂԹ滮Ñо¿Öз¢Ïֹ滮ʦÒѾ­¿ªÊ¼×¢ÖØÕæÕýµÄ¾­¼Ã·¢Õ¹¹æ»®£¨ËäȻʵ¼ÊÒâÒå²»´ó£¬µ«ÖÁÉÙÔÚŬÁ¦£©¡£µ±È»»·¾³ºÍÉç»á¹æ»®ÏÖÔÚºÃÏó»¹ÊÇÖ½ÉÏ̸±ø£¬Õâµã¸úÎÒ¹úÄ¿Ç°È«Á¦·¢Õ¹¾­¼ÃÓйأ¬²»ÊÇÎÒÃǹ滮ʦ¿ÉÒÔ×óÓҵġ£

û´í£¬¼´Ê¹ÔÚÕâÖÖ²úÆ·¹æ»®ÀÎÒÃǵÄˮƽҲÊDz»È«ÃæµÄ¡£ÔÚ¹ý³Ì¹æ»®ÀÎÒÃÇÐèÒª²¹µÄ¹¦¿Î¾Í¸ü¶à¡£

ÔÚÀíÂ۵ķֱðÉÏ£¬ÎÒÃÇÏ°¹ßÓÚ°ÑÕâÖÖÑо¿¡°²úÆ·¹æ»®¡±µÄÀíÂÛ½Ð×ö¹æ»®ÖеÄÀíÂÛ£¬¾ÍÊÇTHEORY IN PLANNING£»¶ø°ÑÕâÖÖÑо¿¡°¹ý³Ì¹æ»®¡±µÄÀíÂÛ½Ð×ö¹æ»®µÄÀíÂÛ£¨¾ÍÊÇÔõô×ö¹æ»®£©£¬Ó¢ÎĽÐTHEORY OF PLANNING¡£

ÎÒÃǵIJúÆ·¹æ»®£¬°üÀ¨ÐÎÌå¹æ»®£¬¾­¼Ã¹æ»®£¬Éç»á¹æ»®£¬Éú̬¹æ»®µÈµÈ£¬¼Ì¶øÎÒÃǵÄÀíÂÛ×ÔÈ»¶øÈ»µÄ»á²úÉú¶àѧ¿Æ½»²æµÄÏÖÏó¡£±ÈÈ磬ÓÃÉú̬µÄ¹ÛµãÖ¸µ¼ÐÎÌå¹æ»®£¬Óþ­¼Ã·¢Õ¹¹ÛµãÖ¸µ¼ÐÎÌå²¼¾ÖµÈµÈ¡£Õâ¸öTIPʵ¼Ê¾ÍÊDz»Í¬Ñ§¿ÆµÄÀíÂÛ»¥Ïà½è¼øµÄ½á¹û£¬ÕâÒ²ÊÇΪʲô˵ÎÒÃǹ滮ÊÇÇ°ÑØѧ¿Æ£¬Êǽ»²æѧ¿Æ£¨ÏñÊ®°Ë½ãÄÇÖÖÏë¸ø¹æ»®ÕÒ»ù´¡ÀíÂÛµÄ˼Ï룬ÎÒ¿´Ðü£¬Ëû×Ô¼ºÄÖÄÖ»¹¿ÉÒÔ£©¡£ÕâÒ²ÊÇΪʲôÎÒÃÇ˵¹æ»®²»ºÃѧµÄÔ­Òò¡£ÎÒÃDz»½ö½öҪѧÃÀѧ£¬»¹ÒªÑ§Éç»áѧ£¬¾­¼Ãѧ£¬Éú̬ѧµÈ¡£

¶øTOPÔÚ¹ýÈ¥µÄ°ë¸öÊÀ¼Í£¬Ò»Ö±ÔÚ³¢ÊÔ½«×Ô¼ºµÄÀíÂÛ´ÓTIPÀï·Ö±ð³öÀ´¡£Ëü¸üרעÓÚÑо¿¾ö²ß¹ý³Ì£¬ËüÊÇdescribes processes of decision-making, action, and implementationµÄÀíÂÛ¡£ÆäÖаüÀ¨¸öÈËÔõôѡÔñ£¬¹«¹²ÔõôѡÔñ£¬Ôõôȥ̸ÅУ¬Ôõô¹µÍ¨µÈµÈµÈµÈ£¬µÈµÈ¡£

¹æ»®ÀíÂÛ·¢Õ¹Ê·¼«ÆäģʽµÄ¼òµ¥»Ø¹Ë¡£

1£¬×îÔçÏȵijÇÊй滮ÊǸú³ÇÊÐÉè¼Æ£¬½¨ÖþÉè¼Æ·Ö²»¿ªµÄ¡£ÕâЩÔÚ½¨ÖþÁìÓò³öÃûµÄ¡°×¨¼Ò¡±Í¨¹ýËûÃǵÄÃûÆøÓ°Ïì¹æ»®£¬»òÕßÖ±½Ó×ö¹æ»®£¬±ÈÈç¿Â²¼Î÷Ò²×öÁ˺ܶà¹æ»®£¬ËäÈ»ºÜÔã¸â£¬µ«ÊÇËûµÄÃûÆøÈÃÈËÃÇäĿµÄ³ç°ÝÓ¢ÐÛ¡£ÕâЩר¼Òµ±Ê±±»ÈÏΪÊÇ¡°¾«Ó¢¡±£¬±»ÈÏΪËûÃDZÈÆÕͨÈËÒª¸ßÃ÷Ðí¶à¡£ËùÒÔÕâ¸öʱÆڵĹ滮»ù±¾ÉÏÊÇÕâЩ¾«Ó¢µÄÒâ¼ûËù×óÓҹ滮£¬ÎÒÃdzÆÕâÖÖģʽΪTOP-DOWNģʽ¡££¨ÎÒ¹úµÄ¹æ»®ÏÖ×´Æäʵ¾ÍÊÇÕâ¸ö½×¶Î£©¡£

ÕâÖÖTOP-DOWN·½Ê½µÄ¹æ»®¿ÉÒÔÓÃÒ»¸ö¼òµ¥µÄģʽ£¨×¢Ò⣬ÎÒÓõĴÊÊÇģʽ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÀíÂÛ£¬ÕâÁ½ÕßÊÇÓÐÇø±ðµÄ£©À´¸ÅÀ¨£º

À¶Í¼µ½ÊµÊ©Ä£Ê½¡£

ÕâÖÖÀ¶Í¼µ½ÊµÊ©Ä£Ê½¿ÉÒÔ¼òµ¥µÄ¸ÅÀ¨ÎªÒÔϼ¸¸ö²½Ö裨5£¬6Á½²½¼òÖ®£¬ÒòΪ²»ÊÇÖص㣩£º
£¨1£©£¬È·ÈÏ¿Í»§£­£­¹æ»®Ê¦ÎªË­¹¤×÷
£¨2£©£¬Éè¼Æ¹¹Ë¼£­£­ÒÀ¾Ý¿Í»§ÒªÇó½øÐÐÑо¿
£¨3£©£¬µ÷²éopportunities and constraints(site analysis²¿·Ö£©
£¨4£©£¬Óë¿Í»§¹²Í¬Ñо¿Éè¼ÆÔ­ÔòºÍÉè¼ÆÖ÷Ìâ
£¨5£©£¬¾ßÌåÉè¼Æ
£¨6£©£¬ÊµÊ©

ÕâÖÖģʽÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄÓÅÔ½ÐÔ£¬ËùÒÔºÜÊʺÏ˽ÈËÉè¼Æ¹«Ë¾£¬×Éѯ¹«Ë¾µÈ£¨ÕâÀï̸µÄcontextÊǹúÍ⣩¡£

ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬ÎÒÃǹúÄÚÉè¼ÆµÄģʽÓë´Ë·¨ÎÞ¶þ¡£

2£¬×îÔçÆÚµÄÖ±½ÓµÄ¹æ»®ÀíÂÛ£¨planning theory£©ÊÇÓ¢¸ñÀ¼µÄBentham (1748-1832)ºÍ¹¦ÀûÖ÷ÒåÕÜѧ£¨×î´ó¿ìÀÖÔ­Ôò£©£º¡°Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure¡£¡±ÔÚÕâ¸öÔ­ÔòÖ¸µ¼Ï£¬¡°»ñÈ¡×î´óÓô¦£¬µÃµ½×îºÃµÄ½á¹û¡±ÊÇÐж¯µÄÄ¿±ê¡£¶ø¶ÔËùν¡°×îºÃ¡±µÄÑ¡Ôñ£¬ÊÇÒÀÀµÉè¼ÆʦºÍ¾ö²ßÕßµÄÅжϣ¨ËûÃǵÄhappiness£©¡£

3£¬È»ºó£¬Saint-Simon (1760-1825)µÄEnlightenment¶Ô¹æ»®ÀíÂÛ²úÉúÁËÖØ´óÓ°Ïì¡£ËûÈÏΪ×îºÃµÄÉç»áģʽ£¬ÊÇÓÉ´ú±í¹«¹²ÀûÒæµÄר¼ÒÀ´Áìµ¼µÄ£¬ÓÐ֪ʶµÄר¼Ò¿ÉÒÔ×ö×îºÃµÄ¾ö²ß£¨Ê®°Ë½ãµÄÀíÏ룩£¬ËùÒÔÉç»á¾ÍÊÇÓ¦¸ÃÓÉר¼ÒÀ´¿ØÖÆȨÁ¦¡£ËûµÄÖص㼴ÊÇ£ºÎÒÃÇËùÐèÒªµÄ¾ÍÊÇgovernment of the best and brightest¡£

4£¬Comte (1798-1857)µÄʵ֤Ö÷Ò壨positivism£©¡£ÕâÊÇ·¨¹úʵ֤Ö÷ÒåÖ®¸¸¡£

ËûÈÏΪ¡°¼¼Êõ¾ö²ß¡±ºÍ¡°¿ÆѧÀíÐÔ¡±ÊÇ×ö¾ö²ßµÄ¸ù±¾¡£ËûÈÏΪÉç»áѧ¼ÒÓ¦¸ÃÏòÁìµ¼¾«Ó¢Ï×¼ÆÏײߡ£ËûÈÏΪ¡°¼¼ÊõÀíÐÔ¡±¿ÉÒÔ¾ö²ß³öʲôÊÇ¡°¶Ô¡±Ê²Ã´ÊÇ¡°´í¡±£¬²¢Ö¸³öÕâЩ¾ßÓС°¼¼ÊõÀíÐÔ¡±µÄר¼Ò¿ÉÒÔ¡°¹«Õý¡±£¨value free£©µØ´ú±í¹«ÖÚÀûÒæ¡££¨ÊDz»ÊǺÜÏñÊ®°Ë½ã£¿£©

ÎÒÃÇÀ´¿´¿´ËûµÄ»°£º

¡° The formation of any plan for social organization necessarily embraces two series of works as distinct in their objects as in the intellectual efforts they demand. One, theoretical or spiritual, aims at developing the leading conception of the plan¡­The other, practical or temporal, decides upon the distribution of authority and the combination of administrative institutions best adapted to the spirit of the system already determined by the intellectual labors.¡±

5£¬ÊµÓÃÖ÷Ò壨ÃÀ¹úÊ®¾ÅÊÀ¼ÍÄ©ÆÚ¶þÊ®ÊÀ¼Í³õÆÚÕÜѧÔ˶¯£©

´ú±íÈËÎWilliam James, Charles Samuel Peirce, and John Dewey¡£

ÕâÀïÉæ¼°µ½ÁËÕÜѧ²ãÃæµÄ֪ʶ£¬ÎÒ²»Ï¸Ö½²ÏÂÈ¥ÁË£¬Ê¡µÃÅܵÃÌ«Ô¶£¬¶øÇÒÎÒ×Ô¼ºÔÚÕÜѧÉϵÄÄÜÁ¦Ò²ºÜÓÐÏÞ¡£

ÓûÁ˽âÄÚÈÝ£¬¿É×ÔÐвéÔÄgoogle,Ñ°ÕÒËûÃǵĹ۵㡣

6£¬ÀíÐÔ£­¿Æѧ¹æ»®£¬Karl Mannheim (1893-1947)¡£

ËûÌᳫÀíÐԵĹ滮ʦ»ò¿Æѧ¼ÒÀ´Áìµ¼ÃñÖ÷Ó븣Àû¹ú¼Ò£¬ÒÀ´ÎÀ´¿Ë·þÒ»´ÎÊÀ½ç´óÕ½ÖеķÇÀíÐÔ¶øÔì³ÉµÄ²ÒÍ´¡£Ëû³«µ¼social control through scientific rationality¡£

ËûÈÏΪ¹æ»®Ó¦¸ÃÖ²¸ùÓÚ¿ÆѧÑо¿Ä£ÐÍ£¬¼ÙÉèÄ£ÐÍ¡£¾ö²ß¹ý³ÌÖ²¸ùÓÚÒ»Ì×ÀíÐÔµÄÂß¼­Ë³ÐòÉÏ£¨analysis of problems, contexts, criteria, measurement, alternatives, selection processes, etc£©¡£

ËûµÄ˼Ïë¶Ô¹æ»®¹ý³Ì£¨process of planning£©ÓкܴóÓ°Ï죬ֱµ½½ñÌ죬ºÜ¶àÈ˶¼¼á³Öall knowledge could be gathered for decision-making and understanding contexts, situations¡£±ÈÈçÎÒÃǵÄÊ®°Ë½ã¡£

ÔÚÕâÀ²úÉúÁ˹滮µÄµÚ¶þ¸öģʽ£º

ÀíÐÔ£­¹¤¾ß£¨Rational -- Instrumental£©Ä£Ê½¡£

ģʽ¶þ£º
ÀíÐÔ£­¹¤¾ßģʽ
1£¬ ¶¨ÒåÄ¿±ê¡¢ÎÊÌâ
2£¬Àí½âcontext, situation, funding
3£¬·ÖÎöÊý¾ÝºÍÐÅÏ¢
4£¬¸ù¾Ý·ÖÎöËùµÃÉè¼Æ²»Í¬·½°¸
5£¬Ìá³öÆÀ¼Û×¼Ôò£¬»¨·Ñ¹ÀË㣬ʵʩЧ¹û
6£¬ÒÀ¾Ý²»Í¬ÆÀ¹À±ê׼ѡÔñ²»Í¬·½°¸
7£¬ÌÖÂÛÊг¡¿ÉÐÐÐÔ
8£¬ÊµÊ©
9£¬¼à¿Ø½á¹û
10£¬·´À¡²¢ÆÀ¹ÀÒÔ±ãºóÀ´¸üºÃ

ģʽÈý£¬²ßÂÔ£¨Õ½ÂÔ£©¹æ»®
ģʽÈý£¬²ßÂÔ£¨Õ½ÂÔ£©¹æ»®ÊÇÖ¸¹ý³ÌÊDzßÂÔÐԵģ¬ÒòΪ±»ÈÏΪÊÇÑо¿×éÖ¯ÐÐΪ£¬Ó¦¶ø¿ÉÒÔ¸üºÃµØ¶Ô»·¾³×÷³ö·´Ó³¡£
1.  clarify institutional mandate¡ªwhat they are responsible for
2.  clarify institutional mission statement/s¡ªstakeholders, expectations, primary purpose, will of leaders
3.  assess external envt¡ª SWOT analysis
4.  assess internal envt
5.  identify strategic issues and strategies
6.  develop objectives: projects/programs, measurable benchmarks, choose alternatives
7.  develop action plan/work program¡ªtask list, responsible parties, time line







±¾Õ¾·¢Ìû¡¢ÁôÑÔ¹¦ÄÜÒѹرգ¬½»Á÷»¶Ó­¼ÓÈë¹ú½³³Ç֪ʶÐÇÇòAPPÌÖÂÛ¡£ÖªÊ¶ÐÇÇòΪѧϰÐ͸¶·ÑÉçȺ¡£ÔÚ¸÷´óÓ¦ÓÃÉ̵êËÑË÷¼´¿ÉÏÂÔØ°²×°¡£Î¢ÐÅɨÂë¼ÓÈë¡££¨ÂÛ̳Àཻ»¥ÍøÕ¾ÒѲ»Âú×ãÏà¹ØÕþ²ßÒªÇó£¬Òò´Ë·¢ÌûÓëÁôÑԹرգ¬¸Ðл´ó¼ÒµÄÀí½â£©
³ÇÊй滮ѧÉç
299Ôª/Äê
¹úÍÁ¿Õ¼äѧÉç
99Ôª/Äê
³ÇÊÐÊý¾ÝѧÉç
299Ôª/Äê
¹æ»®¹ÜÀíÑÐÌÖ
50Ôª/Äê
ÄúÐèÒªµÇ¼ºó²Å¿ÉÒÔ»ØÌû µÇ¼ | ×¢²á·½Ê½

±¾°æ»ý·Ö¹æÔò


¹æ»®ÔÆÊ×Ò³
¹æ»®ÐÐÒµËÑË÷ÒýÇæ ¶à·ç¸ñµØͼµ×ͼ mapv POI²éѯ¹¤¾ß ½»Í¨Ì¬Êƹ¤¾ß getxy ÔÚÏßЭ×÷¹¤¾ß ÒâÏòͼƬËÑË÷ Ï߸å×Ô¶¯ÉÏÉ« ¶ÏÃæ»æÖƹ¤¾ß ´ÊƵͳ¼Æ¹¤¾ß style fenxitupeise upnews ¹ú½³³Ç xuetang data
¿ìËٻظ´ ·µ»ØÁÐ±í ·µ»Ø¶¥²¿